Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act

MONTANA, Feb 18 2009 (Neo Natura) - Undaunted by many years of failure, backers of the Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act (NREPA) have had it introduced once more into the 111th Congress.

And once more, the massive legislation is being billed as a jobs program, which should get more traction in the face of the current economic meltdown and rapidly rising unemployment.

“NREPA creates 2300 badly needed jobs now by employing people to restore over a million acres of old clearcuts and remove old logging roads, Michael Garrity, Executive Director of the Alliance for the Wild Rockies and one of the primary ball-carriers for the bill, said in today’s press release. “NREPA also would formally designate as wilderness all 24 million acres of inventoried roadless areas in the Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, eastern Oregon and eastern Washington.”

"Many of America’s most precious natural resources and wildlife are found in the Northern Rockies,” said Maloney. “NREPA would help protect those resources by drawing wilderness boundaries according to science, not politics. NREPA would also help reduce global warming by protecting the corridors through which vulnerable wildlife can migrate to cooler areas.”

“I am proud to cosponsor this legislation to protect the Northern Rocky Mountains, one of America’s great natural areas,” added Grijalva, who recently lost out to Colorado’s Ken Salazar to be Secretary of the Interior. “A bold plan is needed to preserve and protect what remains of the Lewis and Clark legacy, and this bill would do just that.”

One of the points of criticism of the Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act (NREPA) is confusion over what lands are really covered by the massive proposal. The Alliance for the Wild Rockies, one of the main architects and ball carriers of NREPA, has addressed that point by posting a detailed list of roadless lands affected by the bill.

Specifically, NREPA would:

• Designate as wilderness 24 million acres of ecosystems and watersheds in the Northern Rockies;
  
• Connect natural, biological corridors, ensuring the continued existence of native plants and animals and mitigating the effects of global warming;
  
• Restore habitat that has been severely damaged from roads that were built, creating more than 2,300 jobs and leading to a more sustainable economic base in the region;

• Keep water available for ranchers and farmers downstream until it is most needed; and
  
• Eliminate subsidized development in the designated wilderness areas, saving taxpayers $245 million over a 10-year period.

As with past introduction of NREPA no U.S. Senator or Representative from Idaho, Montana or Wyoming has offiically supported the bill.

The Costs of Clean Coal

MONTANA, Feb 06 (Neo Natura) - Steve Running, a Nobel Peace Prize recipient and University of Montana professor, isn’t a big fan of what’s termed “clean coal,” which is touted as being environmentally friendly by Montana Gov. Brian Schweitzer.

While it’s technically possible to capture the carbon dioxide emitted by coal-fired plants and sequester the gas underground, the cost and energy involved to do so is “so overwhelming it doesn’t end up as being logical,” Running said on Tuesday. He came to the Queen City this week to lecture on the effects of climate change to Montana.

Running knows that not everyone believes the Earth’s climate is warming, and people point to blizzards on the East Coast and record cold temperatures as proof. But as a scientist, he’s studied the data and firmly believes that humans are significantly contributing to global warming.

“I think there are some well-funded professional deniers who are following the tobacco and cancer lobbies’ model, in a broad sense,” Running said. “They continue to say that in the broad sense, all the data isn’t in. But in reality it is in and no climate scientist comes to any different conclusion. The world is warming up.”

Climate scientists spent 40 years developing models and theorizing whether shorter, warmer winters were due to different earth orbits, sun spots or even a wobbling axis, Running said.

“But no model can recreate the acceleration of global temperatures without including greenhouse gases,” such as carbon dioxide, Running said. “We’re using our atmosphere as a free garbage can.”

Capturing those greenhouse gases and injecting them underground just moves the problem around, he added. Montana’s Legislature is looking at creating rules on carbon sequestration, and during Schweitzer’s State of the State address last week, the governor said sequestration is vital for coal development in Montana.

“I think we’ll end up ultimately with a better solution,” Running said.

But whether the world does that before it reaches the tipping point is the big question.

“We won’t know that we’ve hit the tipping point until we look backward,” Running said.

He does note that it took 100 million years for plants to decompose underground into fossil fuels like gas and coal, but we’re digging it up in only 100 years n an acceleration speed of about 1 million.

“That simple statement says that can’t work for very long,” Running said. “We haven’t moved very far in coming up with solutions in the past 10 years, but I’m hopeful that will change soon. It has to.”

The easiest first step, he added, is to embrace a variety of energy efficient opportunities, like electric cars or simply walking or riding bikes to work.

“In Europe, everything they do reduces their energy consumption,” Running said. “Wouldn’t it be great to be able to ride a train around town?”

Montanans are getting a front-row seat to the impacts of a warmer world, with shorter winters, hotter summers and a beetle epidemic that’s killing all of the lodgepole pines in the forests. Running theorized that in the future, the lodgepoles could be replaced by cactus and sagebrush, and Montana could start to look like Utah.

“Not that there’s anything bad about Utah,” he said, laughing.

MATL Transmission Line Permit Approved

MONTANA, Oct 29 2008 (Neo Natura) -Tonbridge Power Inc., 100% controlling shareholder of the Montana Alberta Tie Ltd. transmission line project to interconnect the electricity markets of Alberta and the US through a 300 MW transmission line announced that the Montana Department of Environmental Quality issued a Record of Decision authorizing the construction of MATL's 230kV merchant transmission line in Montana.

The specific authorization granted in the ROD is a Certificate of Compliance as required under the Montana Major Facilities Siting Act and is the state permit required to proceed with the project.

The ROD was issued 20 days after the DEQ and the Department of Energy, jointly
issued the environmental impact statement, for the MATL line on October 1, 2008.
The Governor of Montana, Brian Schweitzer, presented the permit to Johan van t Hof, Chief Executive Officer of Tonbridge Power at a press conference in Helena Montana this morning.

The Certificate of Compliance authorizes the construction of a transmission line along the preferred alternative that was selected by the DEQ and the US Department of Energy and was described in the Final Environmental Impact Statement. The preferred alternative is a combination of MATL's proposed alternative and an alternative developed by the agencies with some local routing
options.

The only outstanding permit required before construction can begin is the Presidential Permit. This permit allows the Company to construct, operate, maintain and connect the MATL line across the US-Canadian border and its issuance is the responsibility of the DOE. Legislation requires that the
DOE wait at least 30 days post issuance of the EIS before their ROD and Presidential Permit can be issued, which period expires in early November 2008.

MATL received all the Canadian permits required to build the line earlier this year.

"We are truly appreciative of the great effort that has gone into this permitting process from all stakeholders," remarked Johan van't Hof, CEO, Tonbridge Power Inc. "The affected land owners, the regulatory professionals and the responsible officials worked very hard to ensure this project would be properly vetted. Special recognition goes out to the Governor's office which, under Governor Brian Schweitzer's guidance, gave us tremendous support in guiding a project to benefit the citizens of Montana."

MONTANA, Oct 08 2008 (Neo Natura) - NorthWestern Energy has submitted two new filings to authorities regarding its proposed Mill Creek generating station.

The company submitted its application for an air quality permit with the State of Montana, and filed its request for advanced approval with the Montana Public Service Commission.

The Mill Creek generating station is expected to provide regulating resources to balance the company's transmission system in Montana to maintain reliability, and enable additional wind power to be integrated into the network to meet its future renewable energy portfolio needs.

The facility is designed to enable increasing or decreasing energy production within seconds to follow load fluctuations across the transmission system.

Bob Rowe, president and CEO of NorthWestern Energy, said: "This application moves us another step toward the price stability and operational benefits that utility-owned, rate-based supply can provide over the long-term."

DoE Releases New Powerline Report

MONTANA, Oct 01 2008 (Neo Natura) - Government regulators have chosen a preferred route for a high voltage transmission line from Great Falls to Lethbridge, Alta., in an effort to balance the developer's cost with the disruption caused to farmers.

Montana's Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Department of Energy on Monday released a summary of a long-awaited final environmental impact statement for the 327-kilometre Montana Alberta Tie Line. The statement outlines the preferred alternative and several others.

The line would travel about 210 kilometres and cross six counties in Montana. The carrying capacity of 300 megawatts of electricity in each direction has been sold to prospective wind farm developers.

Federal and provincial authorities in Canada have already approved the line and a final decision by the U.S. and Montana departments could come within a month, regulators said.

The plan preferred by the federal and state authorities differs from the tie line group's preferred plan but doesn't go as far as some farmers had hoped, said Greg Hallsten, the environmental impact statement co-ordinator for the Montana authority.

"We basically sat down with the director and went through this segment by segment, trying to pick which would best serve MATL's needs as well as the landowners," Hallsten said. "It's turned out to be a balancing act."

Bob Williams, vice-president of regulatory affairs for the tie line group, said Monday afternoon he couldn't comment because he had not received the summary of the impact statement.

The 215-kilometre preferred alternative has 134 kilometres of single poles and 79 kilometres of wider H-frames.

The addition of single poles and reduction in lines running diagonally across cropland is a nod to farmers, who have complained about having to manoeuvre machinery around the double poles.

"One of the comments we heard loud and clear was to use monopoles on cultivated ground," the Montana department's Tom Ring said.

By comparison, the tie line group's favoured route is 207 kilometres long, slightly shorter than the government's, and has single poles planned on 43 fewer kilometres of land.

The single poles are taller and cost $359,429 per 1.6 kilometres while the H-frames cost $323,092, according to the environmental study.

The tie line needs a presidential permit from the Department of Energy because it crosses an international boundary and a certificate of compliance from the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, said Ellen Russell, project manager for the U.S. Department of Energy's Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability in Washington, D.C.

Camelina Passes Second Feedstock Hurdle

MONTANA, Oct 01 2008 (Neo Natura) - Sustainable Oils has reached a key milestone in its efforts to build camelina production and marketing opportunities for Montana farmers. The company received approval from the Center for Veterinary Medicine, a department of the Federal Drug Administration, for the use of camelina meal in the diets of feedlot beef cattle and growing swine up to 2 percent of the weight of the total ration. Camelina meal is a by-product of camelina oil extraction.

Sustainable Oils was launched in late 2007 and is focused on the research, development and commercialization of camelina for biodiesel production. Camelina, a distant relative to canola, requires minimal water and can be harvested with traditional equipment. Because of these properties, it can be grown on fallow ground or as a rotation crop. Therefore, it is not competitive with traditional food crops, but instead creates a food plus fuels scenario.

"This is an important step in the process of developing a strong, sustainable market for camelina production," said Steve Sandroni, production and logistics manager, Sustainable Oils. "Opening up the livestock feed opportunities for camelina meal provides a market for the most significant by-product of camelina oil production."

"Especially at a time when livestock feeders are battling high input prices, camelina meal can be a very attractive option," he continued. "The meal is an excellent source of protein. With protein levels of 40 percent or more, it is similar to soybean meal but offers the added benefit of being high in Omega-3 fatty acids."

Sustainable Oils is leading the formation of an industry coalition working to obtain "Generally Recognized As Safe" certification from the Food and Drug Administration so all producers can sell camelina meal. Sustainable Oils is now one of only two companies who have approval to sell camelina meal. A nutritionist knowledgeable about the use of camelina must be consulted in developing rations using the product.

Billings Refineries and Canadian Shale

MONTANA, Sep 23 2008 (Neo Natura) - Billings petroleum geologist Bob Fisher is saying that the United States would be wise to rely on a friendly country like Canada for more of its imported oil. Canada is one of our closest allies, is the leading exporter of oil to the United States and is the only major oil-producing country, besides the United States, that allows Western countries to freely explore and develop its oil resources, he said.

Fisher, with Augustus Energy Partners, wrote a guest editorial in The Gazette in late June, calling on Congress to repeal legislation that prohibits the U.S. government from using gasoline and other oil products refined from oil sands. The U.S. Air Force has also asked Congress to rescind the ban.

Fisher said he is against the congressional ban for many reasons, not least because it is nearly impossible to trace fuels back to their source when so many different crude oils are blended before being shipped to American refineries.

Regional oil producers may feel another effect of Canadian developments, he said, because there might be a lack of skilled workers, which could dampen oil exploration and development. It is also possible that Montana businesses will be able to cash in on helping build Canadian infrastructure.

All three refineries in the Billings area will have a finger in the oil-sands pie. Pat Kimmet, manager of the CHS refinery in Laurel, said 90 percent of the crude oil entering the Laurel refinery is already heavy crude, with high sulfur and asphalt content, from conventional wells.

Part of refinery's feedstock is "western Canadian select," or WCS, a blend of various crude oils including some processed from the oil sands of northern Alberta.

As the supply of oil from conventional fields declines, Kimmet said, western Canadian select "is really the future of our refinery here in Laurel." Oil derived from the sands, he said, "is a huge reserve."

In anticipation of handling heavier crude oil, the CHS refinery completed a $400 million upgrade this spring that will squeeze more gasoline and diesel out of each barrel of crude. CHS has its own crude pipeline from the Canadian border to its refinery in Laurel.

Kimmet said the supply of crude from Canada is particularly welcome nowadays, when people are "concerned about the stability of other oil-producing regions of the world."

"We are just very fortunate to have it available to us from a stable country, from a country that's friendly and close to us," he said.

And even though the refinery is using heavier, dirtier feedstock, Kimmet said, upgrades over the years have cut down substantially on sulfur dioxide emissions from the plant. In the early 1990s, when emissions were at their highest levels, he said, the CHS refinery emitted about 9,000 tons of sulfur dioxide a year. That number is now down to 400 to 500 tons a year, he said.

"We've been very progressive in dealing with the environmental issues," Kimmet said. "We have the equipment in place to deal with this kind of crude."

The ConocoPhillips refinery in Billings also plans upgrades that will make it possible to handle some Canadian crude. Charlie Rowton, a company spokesman in Houston, said construction of new crude and vacuum units, which has not begun, is scheduled for completion in 2011.

The new units will be used to perform the initial separation of the crude oil into various products, which would then be further refined in other units at the plant. When the new units are in place, the capacity of the Billings refinery will go from 58,000 barrels of oil a day to 70,000 barrels.

Rowton said it is difficult to say what impact oil-sands developments will have on the Montana economy.

He also states, "Having access to more secure Canadian crude oil and upgrading our U.S. refineries ... will help maintain the economic vitality of all our refineries, including the one at Billings."

The ExxonMobil refinery in Billings was designed to handle heavy crude and has been processing oil from the oil-sands industry in Alberta for many years, according to spokeswoman Pam Malek.

Malek said ExxonMobil, which processes 55,000 to 60,000 barrels of oil a day at its Billings refinery, isn't planning upgrades related to the oil sands.

Update: Cellulosic Ethanol Demo Plant

MONTANA, Sep 16 2008 (Neo Natura) - AE Biofuels Inc. brought its pilot-scale ethanol plant in Butte, Mont., on line in August and since then has begun work to prove out its two individual cold-cook enzyme platforms. See a previous article on the plant here.

“We’re trying to differentiate ourselves from our competitors, so by having two enzymes—one for starch and one for cellulose—we can run an integrated facility where you use both feedstocks,” said Todd Casper, vice president of the company’s project development division.

Clifford Bradley, coinventor of the AE Biofuels pilot process, said the company’s first task is to perfect the simultaneous integration of starch and cellulose hydrolysis.

“We’re talking corn and corn stover,” he told EPM. “We designed the cellulose pretreatment system to use a conventional jet cooker to keep capital costs down. We can do an alkaline pretreatment or an acid, but we like alkaline. It’s milder and less messy.” He said the company’s technology can obtain cellulases capable of hydrolyzing both cellulose and hemicellulose from a single culture.

For corn stover, the gallons-per-ton conversion ratio is still unknown, but it will be the subject of ongoing work in the Butte plant. Bradley said the company achieved 84 gallons of ethanol per ton of wheat straw, which included 62 gallons from the cellulose fraction and up to 22 gallons from the pentose sugars. The plant is scaled to produce up to 150,000 gallons of ethanol per year. Later this year, the company will test sugarcane bagasse.

“Our idea is that by using both enzyme systems and converting a plant to no-cook, we can integrate corn- and cellulose-derived ethanol and actually put them in the same fermentor,” Bradley said. Work to optimize pentose fermentation is also moving forward.

Ethanol is a renewable and octane-boosting fuel additive used to reduce toxic emissions from gasoline engines. Ethanol is made from corn and other renewable sources grown in abundance across the United States. The demand for ethanol has soared because of a strong push to reduce America’s reliance on foreign energy sources.